Related Articles

Evolving landscape of sports injuries and recommendations on injury preventions: A retrospective analysis in Singapore

Dear Editor, Sports have become increasingly integral to the daily lives of Singaporeans. According to the National Sport and Exercise Participation Survey, the percentage of Singaporeans exercising weekly rose from 54% in 2015 to 73% in 2023.1 While this surge in sports activities brings numerous health benefits, it also results...

Clinical outcomes of hospitalised individuals with spin-induced exertional rhabdomyolysis

Rhabdomyolysis is a clinical and biochemical syndrome caused by the breakdown of myocytes and release of intracellular components into the bloodstream.1 A subset of rhabdomyolysis is exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER), which is caused by strenuous physical activity. Risk factors for ER include lack of physical endurance, increased duration and intensity...

Comparison of four electrocardiographic criteria for the detection of cardiac abnormalities in Singapore athletes

Sudden cardiac death in athletes during exercise is rare, with an estimated incidence of 1–2 per 100,000 people per year in young athletes,1 and approximately 1 per 7,000 per year in adult athletes.2 The predominant aetiology of these cases is cardiovascular in nature, with conditions such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy...

Improving electrocardiogram interpretation in Asian athletes: A call to action

The field of sports cardiology has evolved substantially over the past 2 decades due to improved understanding of the athlete’s heart, causes of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in athletes, as well as differentiation between physiological cardiac remodelling and pathological cardiac conditions in athletic individuals. Application of this knowledge forms...

Optimum follow-up period of arthroscopic and mini-open rotator cuff repairs

Dear Editor, Rotator cuff disorders are the most common cause of disability related to the shoulder,1 and rotator cuff repairs—via mini-open or arthroscopic techniques—are considered in patients with refractory symptoms.2 While there are multiple studies analysing short- and long-term follow-ups, there are no clear consensus regarding the minimum follow-up...

Consensus statement on Singapore integrated 24-hour activity guide for children and adolescents

The World Health Organization’s Global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases 2013–2020 provided guiding principles for national efforts in controlling and reducing non-communicable diseases (NCDs).1 The major NCDs include cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes—they form a major public health challenge, and are...

The Posterior Cruciate Ligament: An Anthropometric Study in Asians and Evaluation of Safe Limits for Bony Tunnel Creation During Reconstruction

The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) provides the main restraint to posterior translation of the tibia on the femur and is stronger than its anterior counterpart. Indeed, it has been regarded by some authors as the primary stabiliser of the knee. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click...

Biomechanics of the Shoulder

The shoulder is a complex of 5 articulating surfaces that together form the shoulder girdle. The glenohumeral joint together with the scapulothoracic articulation form the main components of the girdle. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

The Growth and Development of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine in Singapore

Orthopaedic sports medicine in Singapore took form as a subspecialty of orthopaedic surgery over a number of years. Several individuals contributed to it being set up as an orthopaedic subspecialty. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Outcomes of Acute Arthroscopic Repair and Conservative Treatment Following First Traumatic Dislocation of the Shoulder Joint in Young Patients

Traumatic dislocation of the shoulder is a serious problem especially in active and young patients. Shoulder instability and recurrent dislocation hinder patient activities. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Rising Trend of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Females in a Regional Hospital

Female athletes are at a greater risk for injuries involving the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) than their male counterparts in high schools and colleges in the United States. Noyes et al reported that 78% of all ACL injuries were non-contact in nature and they most often occurred on landing...

Pitfalls in the Use of Allometry in Accounting for Differences in Body Mass in Relation to Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Trained Athletes

We thank the author of the letter to the editor for his interest in our study. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

The Perils of Allometric Scaling

I read with interest the paper by Chia and Aziz. Using allometric scaling, the authors adjusted peak oxygen uptake (VO2max) for the confounding influence of body mass and found that mass exponents differed markedly for male and female athletes. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on...

Important Considerations for Recommending Hydration Studies

We read with interest the study by Sun and colleagues published in the recent April Sports Medicine edition. The study investigated fluid balance associated with endurance kayaking and evaluated the efficacy of hydration with water versus a commercially available sports drink. This article is available only as a PDF. Please...

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Sports Injuries of the Knee

Sports-related knee injuries are common, with contact sports and sports involving twisting movements being the most frequent causes. Sports injuries may affect any of the knee structures, including ligaments, menisci, bones, cartilage and periarticular soft tissues. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on...

Human Thermoregulation and Measurement of Body Temperature in Exercise and Clinical Settings

The ability to sense and regulate body temperature is a key feature of human survival. A deviation of ± 3.5°C from the resting temperature of 37°C can result in physiological impairments and fatality. Some researchers suggested that heat could have played a central role in the synthesis and survival...

Hamstring Injuries: Risk Assessment and Injury Prevention

The aim of this article is to outline the factors involved with, and a potential strategy for preventing, one of the most common injuries in nearly all forms of team and individual sports; the hamstring strain. Analysis of epidemiological studies assessing these sports consistently ranks hamstring strain injuries as...

Isokinetic Dynamometry in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury and Reconstruction

Of all the ligaments of the knee joint, the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most frequently injured despite its structural proficiency and its ability to adjust the stiffness of the knee muscles. ACL injuries typically occur during activities that involve abrupt deceleration or change of direction when the...

Knee and Ankle Ligaments: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings of Normal Anatomy and at Injury

Ligamentous injuries of the knee and ankle are a common entity among athletes. Knee sprains can account for up to 30% of injuries in skiers, whilst up to 74% of professional footballers develop ligamentous sprains of the lateral ankle ligaments. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click...

Recurrent Patellar Dislocation: Reappraising our Approach to Surgery

Traumatic patellar dislocations affect mainly adolescents and young adults. Up to 44% of patients will develop recurrent dislocation. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Common Lower Limb Sports-related Overuse Injuries in Young Athletes

Treating sports injuries in children and adolescent presents a unique challenge to the physician. They are different anatomically and physiologically from adults. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Plasma Endotoxin and Immune Responses During a 21-km Road Race Under a Warm and Humid Environment

During intense exercise, immune disturbances can occur through an increase in plasma pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentrations, and post-exercise leukocytosis and lymphocytopenia. The increase in LPS in the central circulation, also known as endotoxaemia, has been attributed to the leakage of LPS from the gastrointestinal tract...

Modelling Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Athletes: Allometric Scaling Versus Ratio-Scaling in Relation to Body Mass

Aerobic fitness data of Singaporean athletes are relatively scarce. Yet these data are important as aerobic fitness forms the basis of all training programmes to enhance performance during competitions. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Triple Endobuttton Technique in Acromioclavicular Joint Reduction and Reconstruction

Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) dislocation is a common injury often affecting young athletes. Cyclist, ice hockey players, weight lifters, rugby players and martial exponents are the most common athletes sustaining the injuries. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full...

Effects of a 12-week Exercise Training Programme on Aerobic Fitness, Body Composition, Blood Lipids and C-Reactive Protein in Adolescents with Obesity

The prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents is increasing rapidly worldwide. A rising rate of obesity in epidemic proportions also brings about economic consequences and substantial healthcare costs. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Concurrent Validity of Power Output Derived from the Non-motorised Treadmill Test in Sedentary Adults

The use of the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) for assessing all-out intensity short-duration sprint cycling lasting between 10 and 40 seconds is pervasive. Many consider the WAnT as the reference standard for the assessment of short-duration sprint performance. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download...

Return to Sports After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction – A Review of Patients with Minimum 5-year Follow-up

Complete anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture results in a mechanically unstable knee. ACL reconstruction is recommended in athletes to help restore knee stability for return to pivoting sports. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Clinical Evaluation of Arthroscopic-assisted Allograft Meniscal Transplantation

The menisci of the knee are fibro-cartilaginous structures essential for the normal biomechanic of the knee joint. They play a critical role in shock absorption, load transmission, joint lubrication and congruency, nutrition, stability of the knee and facilitating the rotation of the opposing articular surfaces of the joint. This article...

Dehydration Rates and Rehydration Efficacy of Water and Sports Drink During One Hour of Moderate Intensity Exercise in Well-trained Flatwater Kayakers

Flatwater kayaking has been gaining popularity in the world and steep growth has been observed in the Asian region. Long distance paddling is often necessary training for competitive kayakers competing in either the sprint or marathon disciplines. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF”...

Sports Medicine

The National Survey on Sports Participation showed that the number of Singaporeans who exercised regularly at least once a week doubled from 24% in 1992 to 48% in 2005. The number who exercised at least 3 times a week more than tripled from 8% to 25% in the same...

Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus

Osteochondral lesions of the talus are a known cause of chronic ankle pain. They are frequently found in the active population after ankle sprains. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Suprascapular Nerve Neuropathy Secondary to Spinoglenoid Notch Ganglion Cyst: Case Reports and Review of Literature

Shoulder pain and dysfunction have long been the bane of both the young and old alike. Common causes include local conditions such as rotator cuff tears, impingement syndromes, tendonitis, bursitis, adhesive capsulitis, acromioclavicular joint osteoarthritis, as well as cervical pathology such as disc disease and spondylosis. Suprascapular nerve neuropathy...

An Eight Year Review of Exercise-related Cardiac Arrests

Exercise-related cardiac arrest is uncommon, however it is devastating when it occurs in otherwise healthy adults. In young adults, vigorous physical exercise trigger cardiac arrest in those affected by silent congenital cardiovascular conditions. In older adults, sudden vigorous physical exercise increases the incidence of acute coronary events in those...