Dear Editor, Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is the most common paediatric spinal deformity, impacting 1 in 300 children.1 In Singapore and other countries, national screening programmes have been established to detect scoliosis early, with the aim of using bracing to prevent progression to moderate or severe scoliosis, which may require surgical...

Dear Editor, Rotator cuff disorders are the most common cause of disability related to the shoulder,1 and rotator cuff repairs—via mini-open or arthroscopic techniques—are considered in patients with refractory symptoms.2 While there are multiple studies analysing short- and long-term follow-ups, there are no clear consensus regarding the minimum follow-up...

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a technically precise and demanding operation. Attention to factors such as the tunnel position, graft selection, fixation and rehabilitation play an important role in determining the final outcome. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to...

Management of humeral shaft fractures has been the subject of controversy (Böhler, Ekkernkamp and Muhr, Nast-Kolb and Schweiberer). The problem of non-union, wound infection and most important of all iatrogenic radial nerve palsy led many to favour a conservative approach. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click...

Talus is a weight bearing bone with peculiar anatomy and blood supply. It forms the ankle joint with the medial and lateral malleoli, subtalar joint with the calcaneum and talonavicular joint with the navicular bone. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top...

The hook nail deformity is a relatively common problem after fingertip amputations. It is usually ignored but can be quite disabling. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Closed locked intramedullary nailing of the femur has become the accepted means of treating fractures of the femur. The use of locking nails has extended the technique from stable diaphyseal fracture patterns to nearly all fractures of the femur except for fractures at the very end of the bone...

A 24-year-old man complained of left leg pain following 3 months of infantry training 6 years ago. There was no previous complaint of pain over his left leg and there was no trauma. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view...

A 6-year-old Chinese girl presented with a deformity of the left thumb since birth. Her father has a similar deformity. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Pigmented villonodular synovitis is a progressive synovial lesion of uncertain aetiology associated with synovial-lined tissues of the joints, tendon sheaths and bursae. The incidence was 1.8 patients per million population. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Pseudoaneurysms are conventionally treated by surgery. In recent years, non-surgical methods are being considered, including embolisation with wires, coils or gelfoam and anticoagulation. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

The carpometacarpal joint (CMCJ) of the thumb is commonly afflicted with degenerative arthritis. Of the patients seeking surgical treatment, post-menopausal women outnumber men by a ratio of 15 to 1. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

The legacy of caring and humanitarianism has been the mission of the medical profession since the founding of Singapore by Sir Stamford Raffles in 1819. To this small fishing village in the Riau Archipelago on the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula came traders and entrepreneurs from China, India...

Joint mobility varies between individuals and factors such as age, sex, race and heredity influence the range of motion of a joint. Excessive mobility of a joint(s) or hypermobility is a feature found in normal individuals as well as in patients with connective tissue disorders such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome,...

The decision whether to amputate or to attempt a limb salvage procedure in a mangled extremity is a difficult one. Numerous protocols have been published in the literature to help surgeons in the decision making. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top...

Allogeneic tissue and organ transplantation has long been an important medical issue, as it provides an effective treatment alternative for a broad spectrum of medical problems. It is essential to establish the animal models used for a specific type of allogeneic tissue or organ transplantation prior to its clinical...

Allograft transplantation of bone has been established as a viable and useful reconstructive procedure when limb salvage is the option of choice. For bone allografts, this is thought to be due to the relatively avascular structure and that low-freezing or freeze-drying for periods beyond three months reduces cellular immunogenicity. This...

Bridging a vertebral gap in the spine is one of the commonest problems facing the spine surgeon after dealing with a tumour, infection or a fracture. The gold standard today is still the autogenous graft, though other solutions are the allograft, bone cement fashioned as a block, ceramics and...

Articular cartilage injuries to the knee are commonly seen by team doctors, sports physicians and orthopaedic surgeons. Despite many clinical as well as experimental studies on the healing of such defects, the ability to regenerate mature hyaline cartilage capable of withstanding daily functional stresses in the knee remains a...

The role of thromboprophylaxis in total knee replacement (TKR) remains controversial. In several reports, the incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) has been significant. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Western literature reports a very high incidence of deep vein thrombosis in its population especially after orthopaedic surgery. In total knee replacement without prophylaxis, its incidence is quoted between 46% and 84% in various studies. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top...

Before I go on to the scientific aspects of my talk, I would like to pay tribute to Dr Yahya Cohen. Dr Cohen was born in Singapore of Jewish parents. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Fractures of the intercondylar region of the femur often resulted from high velocity accidents. This would lead to increased comminution and involvement of the articular surfaces, making them a complex group of injuries to treat. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top...

A 41-year-old Chinese man had his dominant thumb, index and middle fingers caught by a wood-cutting machine while at work. He sustained a near-amputation of his middle finger through the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ), with an intra-articular comminuted fracture of the head of the proximal phalanx (Fig. 1a) and...

In a recent issue of the Annals, Academy of Medicine, Singapore the above-mentioned paper was published. Figures 6 and 7 of the paper plot the displacement of bovine lumbar motion segments under torsion. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view...

In human, the occipito-atlanto-axial (C0-C1-C2) joint complex is an important region of the spine and often susceptible to impact injury in trauma. Traffic accidents frequently produce a distinct variety of fracture (or fracture-dislocation) of the upper cervical spine, characterised by a bilateral avulsion-fracture through the neural arch of C2...

Unstable fractures of the distal radius remain a challenge to orthopaedic surgeons. Unsatisfactory results are often associated with significant malunion. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

The concept of tissue engineering arises from the need to develop an alternative method of treating patients suffering from tissue loss or organ failure. Current therapies in use today are not only expensive but often do not adequately fulfil their intended purpose. This article is available only as a PDF....

A 12-year-old boy fell whilst running. On examination, there was swelling and deformity of the wrist and there was local tenderness of the distal third of the radius and the distal end of the distal ulna. Movement of all the fingers and thumb were limited by pain. This article is...

The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) provides the main restraint to posterior translation of the tibia on the femur and is stronger than its anterior counterpart. Indeed, it has been regarded by some authors as the primary stabiliser of the knee. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click...

Osteoporosis is an important cause of fractures in the elderly. In the USA alone, at least 1.3 million fractures are attributed to osteoporosis a year. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

With the ageing population, degeneration of joints and osteoporosis and the resultant disability pose big public health problems in many countries of the world. These, together with the more disabling infective and inflammatory diseases of joints and the all-pervasive trauma damage joints in hundreds of millions of people in...

Shoulder instability is a frequently encountered clinical problem in young active people following injury, particularly in athletes. The labral-ligamentous complex is increasingly recognised as being an important structural component that contributes to shoulder instability. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to...

Osteochondromas are cartilage-capped bony exostoses that arise mainly from the metaphyses of long bones from a lateral displacement of the epiphyseal growth cartilage, but any bone formed by endochondral ossification (bones that develop from cartilage) may give rise to osteochondromas. Osteochondromas may arise in a solitary form or in...

Worldwide, in the past decade, the application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has increased tremendously in the management of musculoskeletal trauma. Not least is its application as a valuable diagnostic tool in occult hip fracture evaluation. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on...

Osteosarcoma is a highly malignant bone cancer occurring primarily in young patients. Although rare, it is still the commonest primary bone cancer seen in Southeast Asia. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

The most problematic area in flexor tendon injuries is zone two. This zone is prone to injury as it is in the grasping part of the hand. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

The shoulder is a complex of 5 articulating surfaces that together form the shoulder girdle. The glenohumeral joint together with the scapulothoracic articulation form the main components of the girdle. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Spinal instrumentation is defined as the use of mechanical devices that enhance or restore the segmental stability of the spine. Internal fixation of the spine began more than a hundred years ago and initially consisted of wires, and/or rods attached to the spine. This article is available only as a...

Orthopaedic sports medicine in Singapore took form as a subspecialty of orthopaedic surgery over a number of years. Several individuals contributed to it being set up as an orthopaedic subspecialty. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

The name “Orthopaedic Surgery” is derived from the words “orthos” (meaning straight or to straighten) and “paido” (meaning child). Thus, it is not unexpected that paediatric orthopaedics was the first discipline within Orthopaedics to develop as a subspecialty. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download...

Over 200 guests were gathered at the Fullerton Hotel Ballroom on the 5th of April 2002 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University of Singapore. The event was dedicated to the teachers, past and present, for their commitment to education. This article is available...

The University of Malaya in Singapore was established in 1949. With this, the King Edward VII College of Medicine became the Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

When the practice of orthopaedic surgery first began in Singapore, it was not a specialty in itself. There are no records as to when the first orthopaedic cases were managed, but it must have been when modern medicine was introduced into Singapore, at the beginning of the twentieth century...

On an occasion such as this—the 50th anniversary of the inauguration of orthopaedic surgery as a specialty service in Singapore—acclaim, commendations, praise and endorsement of our achievements will be the order of the day. This issue of the Annals carries 13 articles representing the different facets of our achievement. This...

Ankylosing spondylitis is associated with progressive ossification of the spinal ligaments and ankylosing of the facet joints leading to a totally stiff spine. It is often associated with osteoporosis due to chronic inflammation and disuse. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top...

Singapore is facing a rapidly ageing population. Osteoporosis, which is an age-related illness, will become an increasing problem. Osteoporotic hip fracture, because of the need for hospitalisation and surgery, represents an important economic burden to society, in addition to its medical morbidities and social implications upon the patient and...

Traumatic dislocation of the shoulder is a serious problem especially in active and young patients. Shoulder instability and recurrent dislocation hinder patient activities. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

I would like to thank the Singapore Orthopaedic Association (SOA) for inviting me to deliver this year’s SOA lecture. When your President, Dr AK Mitra first asked me to deliver the lecture, I felt deeply honoured but was rather hesitant about accepting it – honoured as this annual lecture...

A lot of young orthopaedic surgeons embark on research projects with little guidance. This book is especially directed towards young investigators in the Southeast Asian region. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) remains one of the most difficult disorders to understand and treat in Paediatric Orthopaedics. The aetiology have not been clearly understood and therefore the management remains controversial. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view...

Condensing osteitis of the clavicle is an idiopathic condition affecting the medial end of the clavicle, and is characterised by sclerosis and expansion of the inferior part of the clavicular head. The rarity of this disorder is highlighted by the experience of the senior author (SN Bell). This article is...

Lisfranc fracture dislocations are uncommon injuries and the diagnosis may be easily missed. There are several variations and we present one such variant. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Acquired thoracic spinal canal stenosis is an uncommon condition compared to myelopathy and radiculopathy frequently seen in the cervical and lumbar spine, respectively. Because the rib cage restricts its movement, the thoracic spine is less prone to degenerative changes in the disc and facet joints, which result in loss...

Female athletes are at a greater risk for injuries involving the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) than their male counterparts in high schools and colleges in the United States. Noyes et al reported that 78% of all ACL injuries were non-contact in nature and they most often occurred on landing...

Pseudoaneurysms of the profunda femoris artery have been reported following blunt and penetrating trauma to the thigh, and orthopaedic procedures of the proximal femur. These pseudoaneurysms can present in various forms, such as a painful pulsatile mass, or even thigh compartment syndrome. This article is available only as a PDF....

The incidence of hip fractures rises with increasing age, doubling for each decade beyond 50 years of age. With the increase in life expectancy and the accompanying ageing population, there has been an increase in the incidence of hip fractures from 1.17 per 1000 females >60 years old in...

Western literature reports a high incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after hip surgery in the absence of prophylaxis. It is reported to be as high as 50% of which 20% to 30% are in the proximal vein. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download...

Arthroscopic-guided reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is now recognised as the preferred reconstructive option in restoring anterior knee joint stability. According to a report by the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons on ACL reconstruction in October 2000, approximately 50,000 ACL surgeries were performed each year in the...

Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) impairs the stability of the knee, resulting in difficulty with athletic performance, increased risk of subsequent meniscal injury and increased risk of degenerative joint disease. Reconstruction of the ACL is a frequently performed procedure used to restore functional stability in ACL-deficient knees,...

The first case was a 54-year-old lady, with a history of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidaemia, who presented with bilateral hand pain and stiffness of 4 days’ duration. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

We thank the author of the letter to the editor for his interest in our study. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

I read with interest the paper by Chia and Aziz. Using allometric scaling, the authors adjusted peak oxygen uptake (VO2max) for the confounding influence of body mass and found that mass exponents differed markedly for male and female athletes. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on...

We read with interest the study by Sun and colleagues published in the recent April Sports Medicine edition. The study investigated fluid balance associated with endurance kayaking and evaluated the efficacy of hydration with water versus a commercially available sports drink. This article is available only as a PDF. Please...

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has been established as an effective treatment modality for patients with symptomatic knee arthritis. It provides predictable decrement in pain, correction of deformity and improved functional outcomes. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full...

Medical professional proficiency comprises a set of skills, knowledge, and attitudes necessary to efficiently accomplish the practice of medicine. The major aim of undergraduate medical education in the region is to produce doctors who are competent and able to meet the health needs of the community while also being...

A 14-year-old female who presented with a limited range of neck motion with various congenital vertebral anomalies that included improper segmentation or extensive “fusion” of the cervical spine, hemivertebrae, and a right rigid convex thoracolumbar scoliosis (Figs. 1 and 2). She was diagnosed with Klippel-Feil syndrome (KFS) with congenital...

Elbow tendinosis is a term used to describe a syndrome of pain involving the extensor or flexor tendon origin of the forearm musculature. It is a common problem in adults and it is called “medial” or “lateral epicondylitis” depending on the site of involvement. This article is available only as...

Hydatid disease is a parasitic tapeworm infection caused by Echinococcus species. E.granulosus and E.alveolaris are the most common causes of hydatid disease in humans. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Sports-related knee injuries are common, with contact sports and sports involving twisting movements being the most frequent causes. Sports injuries may affect any of the knee structures, including ligaments, menisci, bones, cartilage and periarticular soft tissues. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on...

The ability to sense and regulate body temperature is a key feature of human survival. A deviation of ± 3.5°C from the resting temperature of 37°C can result in physiological impairments and fatality. Some researchers suggested that heat could have played a central role in the synthesis and survival...

The aim of this article is to outline the factors involved with, and a potential strategy for preventing, one of the most common injuries in nearly all forms of team and individual sports; the hamstring strain. Analysis of epidemiological studies assessing these sports consistently ranks hamstring strain injuries as...

Of all the ligaments of the knee joint, the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most frequently injured despite its structural proficiency and its ability to adjust the stiffness of the knee muscles. ACL injuries typically occur during activities that involve abrupt deceleration or change of direction when the...

Ligamentous injuries of the knee and ankle are a common entity among athletes. Knee sprains can account for up to 30% of injuries in skiers, whilst up to 74% of professional footballers develop ligamentous sprains of the lateral ankle ligaments. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click...

Treating sports injuries in children and adolescent presents a unique challenge to the physician. They are different anatomically and physiologically from adults. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

During intense exercise, immune disturbances can occur through an increase in plasma pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentrations, and post-exercise leukocytosis and lymphocytopenia. The increase in LPS in the central circulation, also known as endotoxaemia, has been attributed to the leakage of LPS from the gastrointestinal tract...

Aerobic fitness data of Singaporean athletes are relatively scarce. Yet these data are important as aerobic fitness forms the basis of all training programmes to enhance performance during competitions. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) dislocation is a common injury often affecting young athletes. Cyclist, ice hockey players, weight lifters, rugby players and martial exponents are the most common athletes sustaining the injuries. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full...

The prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents is increasing rapidly worldwide. A rising rate of obesity in epidemic proportions also brings about economic consequences and substantial healthcare costs. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

The use of the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) for assessing all-out intensity short-duration sprint cycling lasting between 10 and 40 seconds is pervasive. Many consider the WAnT as the reference standard for the assessment of short-duration sprint performance. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download...

Complete anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture results in a mechanically unstable knee. ACL reconstruction is recommended in athletes to help restore knee stability for return to pivoting sports. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

The menisci of the knee are fibro-cartilaginous structures essential for the normal biomechanic of the knee joint. They play a critical role in shock absorption, load transmission, joint lubrication and congruency, nutrition, stability of the knee and facilitating the rotation of the opposing articular surfaces of the joint. This article...

Flatwater kayaking has been gaining popularity in the world and steep growth has been observed in the Asian region. Long distance paddling is often necessary training for competitive kayakers competing in either the sprint or marathon disciplines. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF”...

The National Survey on Sports Participation showed that the number of Singaporeans who exercised regularly at least once a week doubled from 24% in 1992 to 48% in 2005. The number who exercised at least 3 times a week more than tripled from 8% to 25% in the same...

Patellar metastases are extremely rare, ironically, primary tumours of the patella are more common than metastatic disease. A Medline search from 1960 to the present yielded only 23 reported cases of patellar metastases. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view...

Osteochondral lesions of the talus are a known cause of chronic ankle pain. They are frequently found in the active population after ankle sprains. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

A superior labral lesion is a pathologic abnormality at the site of the long head of the biceps tendon insertion into the superior labrum extending in an anterior-posterior direction. This lesion results in a significant disability for the patient. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on...

Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are extremely rare tumours, making up about 1% of all malignancies. In Singapore, they accounted for 0.7% of all cancers in males and 0.5% of all cancers in females with 217 case presentations in the period between 1998 and 2002. This article is available only as...

We present a case of a 10-year-old child who sustained a traumatic fracture-dislocation of his proximal radius and subsequently underwent surgical removal of the radial head. At 3 years of follow-up, he had regained full painless flexion and extension with loss of pronosupination. This article is available only as a...

Bridging of large bone defects is a challenging problem in orthopedic and reconstructive surgery. Options include vascularised bone autografts, non-vascularised bone autografts, allografts, bioceramics and custom-made prostheses. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Exercise-related cardiac arrest is uncommon, however it is devastating when it occurs in otherwise healthy adults. In young adults, vigorous physical exercise trigger cardiac arrest in those affected by silent congenital cardiovascular conditions. In older adults, sudden vigorous physical exercise increases the incidence of acute coronary events in those...

Decisions regarding potential surgery for metastatic disease are influenced by estimates of patient survival. For example, patients with long life expectancy may be appropriately treated with extensive resection and durable reconstruction to provide long lasting function and mobility; in contrast, a patient with a very short life expectancy may...

Growth factors are polypeptides that direct cells to proliferate, differentiate, migrate or produce matrix. They exert their effects by interacting with specific receptors on the surfaces of cells. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Diabetes mellitus is a common problem in Singapore, with an incidence of 8.2% in the local population aged between 18 and 69 in 2004. Ten per cent to 25% of diabetics developed foot ulcerations. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to...

Chronic Achilles tendon rupture is a disabling condition resulting in ankle pain, weakened ankle plantarflexion and abnormal gait. Management of chronic ruptures is technically challenging with generally poorer outcomes and higher complication rates than that of acute repair. Current literature suggests this problem is still better tackled surgically although...

Dear Editor, Lemierre’s syndrome is a rare disease caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum, a Gram-negative anaerobic bacillus that is associated with oropharyngeal infections. We describe a case of a 16-year-old male presenting with acute calf abscess caused by an unusual organism, Fusobacterium necrophorum. Based on our review, this is the first...

Following orthopaedic surgery, approximately 5% of patients sustain cardiac complications which leads to increased morbidity and mortality. The mortality rate after hip fracture is as high as 10% to 26% at 6 months and cardiac-related death are common. Cardiac injury is potentially treatable and therefore early detection of myocardial...

Hip hemiarthoplasties are commonly performed for displaced femoral neck fractures. The advantages of hemiarthroplasty over internal fixation include earlier mobility, less reoperations and better functional outcome at 1 year. Considerable differences of opinion exists regarding the choice between unipolar and bipolar designs. The main theoretical advantage of a bipolar over...

Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) and anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF) are performed for decompression of the spine when the primary compressive pathology lies anterior to the spinal cord – prolapsed intervertebral discs (PID), ossified posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL), spondylodiscitis and retropulsion of fractured bony fragments. More...

Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) and anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF) are performed for decompression of the spine when the primary compressive pathology lies anterior to the spinal cord – prolapsed intervertebral discs (PID), ossified posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL), spondylodiscitis and retropulsion of fractured bony fragments. More...

As presentation of COVID-19 may mimic that of bacterial pneumonia, antibiotics are often prescribed. Concerns regarding overuse of antibiotics are now being raised particularly as we learn of the low rates of bacterial and fungal co-infection. To limit unnecessary antimicrobial exposure, we posit an algorithm for antibiotic guidance. This article...

Multiple guidelines have been established regarding the management of COVID-19 patients. However, there remains a paucity regarding specific guidelines on the optimal timing for surgeries in COVID-19 patients requiring early orthopaedic surgery. This paper aims to provide evidence-based recommendations regarding the timing to proceed with early orthopaedic surgeries in...

Transscaphoid perilunate fracture/dislocations are relatively uncommon injuries of the wrist, constituting about 3% of all carpal injuries. However, it accounts for more than half of perilunate dislocations, the dorsal variant being by far the more prevalent. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on...