The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) provides the main restraint to posterior translation of the tibia on the femur and is stronger than its anterior counterpart. Indeed, it has been regarded by some authors as the primary stabiliser of the knee. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click...

Orthopaedic sports medicine in Singapore took form as a subspecialty of orthopaedic surgery over a number of years. Several individuals contributed to it being set up as an orthopaedic subspecialty. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Traumatic dislocation of the shoulder is a serious problem especially in active and young patients. Shoulder instability and recurrent dislocation hinder patient activities. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Female athletes are at a greater risk for injuries involving the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) than their male counterparts in high schools and colleges in the United States. Noyes et al reported that 78% of all ACL injuries were non-contact in nature and they most often occurred on landing...

The shift towards broader health perspectives and the emphasis on patient preferences have led to the development of many health questionnaires and their inclusion as primary and secondary outcome measures in clinical trials. Measurements of health-related quality of life (HRQOL), a multidimensional concept encompassing physical, emotional and social aspects...

Assessment techniques appear to have an impact on study strategies1 and to influence the performance of students.2,3 The proper selection of a method of assessment can improve student performance.2 Faulty methods of assessment can lead to wrong decisions (pass or fail in certain areas) that might be deleterious to...

We thank the author of the letter to the editor for his interest in our study. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

I read with interest the paper by Chia and Aziz. Using allometric scaling, the authors adjusted peak oxygen uptake (VO2max) for the confounding influence of body mass and found that mass exponents differed markedly for male and female athletes. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on...

We read with interest the study by Sun and colleagues published in the recent April Sports Medicine edition. The study investigated fluid balance associated with endurance kayaking and evaluated the efficacy of hydration with water versus a commercially available sports drink. This article is available only as a PDF. Please...

To validate any “adjective”, be it for living or non-living, a criteria or standard is needed. Globalisation, mobility of doctors and the rising number of medical institutions make it imperative to have comparable standards in medical teaching learning and assessment. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click...

Sports-related knee injuries are common, with contact sports and sports involving twisting movements being the most frequent causes. Sports injuries may affect any of the knee structures, including ligaments, menisci, bones, cartilage and periarticular soft tissues. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on...

The ability to sense and regulate body temperature is a key feature of human survival. A deviation of ± 3.5°C from the resting temperature of 37°C can result in physiological impairments and fatality. Some researchers suggested that heat could have played a central role in the synthesis and survival...

The aim of this article is to outline the factors involved with, and a potential strategy for preventing, one of the most common injuries in nearly all forms of team and individual sports; the hamstring strain. Analysis of epidemiological studies assessing these sports consistently ranks hamstring strain injuries as...

Ligamentous injuries of the knee and ankle are a common entity among athletes. Knee sprains can account for up to 30% of injuries in skiers, whilst up to 74% of professional footballers develop ligamentous sprains of the lateral ankle ligaments. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click...

Traumatic patellar dislocations affect mainly adolescents and young adults. Up to 44% of patients will develop recurrent dislocation. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Treating sports injuries in children and adolescent presents a unique challenge to the physician. They are different anatomically and physiologically from adults. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

During intense exercise, immune disturbances can occur through an increase in plasma pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentrations, and post-exercise leukocytosis and lymphocytopenia. The increase in LPS in the central circulation, also known as endotoxaemia, has been attributed to the leakage of LPS from the gastrointestinal tract...

Aerobic fitness data of Singaporean athletes are relatively scarce. Yet these data are important as aerobic fitness forms the basis of all training programmes to enhance performance during competitions. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) dislocation is a common injury often affecting young athletes. Cyclist, ice hockey players, weight lifters, rugby players and martial exponents are the most common athletes sustaining the injuries. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full...

The prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents is increasing rapidly worldwide. A rising rate of obesity in epidemic proportions also brings about economic consequences and substantial healthcare costs. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

The use of the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) for assessing all-out intensity short-duration sprint cycling lasting between 10 and 40 seconds is pervasive. Many consider the WAnT as the reference standard for the assessment of short-duration sprint performance. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download...

Complete anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture results in a mechanically unstable knee. ACL reconstruction is recommended in athletes to help restore knee stability for return to pivoting sports. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

The menisci of the knee are fibro-cartilaginous structures essential for the normal biomechanic of the knee joint. They play a critical role in shock absorption, load transmission, joint lubrication and congruency, nutrition, stability of the knee and facilitating the rotation of the opposing articular surfaces of the joint. This article...

Flatwater kayaking has been gaining popularity in the world and steep growth has been observed in the Asian region. Long distance paddling is often necessary training for competitive kayakers competing in either the sprint or marathon disciplines. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF”...

The National Survey on Sports Participation showed that the number of Singaporeans who exercised regularly at least once a week doubled from 24% in 1992 to 48% in 2005. The number who exercised at least 3 times a week more than tripled from 8% to 25% in the same...

Osteochondral lesions of the talus are a known cause of chronic ankle pain. They are frequently found in the active population after ankle sprains. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

A superior labral lesion is a pathologic abnormality at the site of the long head of the biceps tendon insertion into the superior labrum extending in an anterior-posterior direction. This lesion results in a significant disability for the patient. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on...

Plantar fasciitis accounts for an estimated one million visits per year to the doctor in the United States,1 and makes up approximately 25% of all foot injuries in runners.2 Although the majority of the cases resolve within 10 months, 10% develop chronic plantar fasciitis.3 The pathomechanics of plantar fasciitis...

Exercise-related cardiac arrest is uncommon, however it is devastating when it occurs in otherwise healthy adults. In young adults, vigorous physical exercise trigger cardiac arrest in those affected by silent congenital cardiovascular conditions. In older adults, sudden vigorous physical exercise increases the incidence of acute coronary events in those...

Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is an increasingly important concern in the care of cancer patients. In the approval of oncology drugs, the United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products consider HRQoL an important end-point.1 Most HRQoL instruments are...

Obesity or excess body fat is strongly associated with enhanced risks of morbidity and mortality, and its prevalence is rapidly escalating worldwide. Despite these concerns, no standard definition of obesity for screening, diagnosis and subsequent intervention has been agreed upon internationally. The current definitions are mostly defined statistically, and...

Amputation of the lower extremities continues to be a major problem due to vascular-related diseases e.g. diabetes. It is also a prevalent occurrence in countries affected by landmines, high incidents of motor vehicle accidents and natural disasters like earthquakes. A key component of amputee rehabilitation is the engineering of...

Overweight and obesity continue to be one of the most critical public health issues worldwide. Body mass index (BMI) derived from height and weight has been directly linked to a number of debilitating diseases, including diabetes, heart disease and cancer, and has gained increased popularity as a measure of...