Letter to the Editor
Tragus pressure-guided removal of airway devices for safe emergence from sedation: A randomised controlled trial
Dear Editor,
Emergence from anaesthesia and deep sedation is the transition from unconsciousness to the return of awareness and airway reflexes. The chief patterns of...
Letter to the Editor
Response to letters arising from publication of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore clinical guideline on the use of sedation by non-anaesthesiologists during gastrointestinal endoscopy in the hospital setting
Dear Editor,
The Academy of Medicine, Singapore (AMS) guideline on the use of sedation by non-anaesthesiologists during gastrointestinal endoscopy in the hospital setting and an...
Letter to the Editor
Sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy in Singapore
Dear Editor,
I refer to the editorial “Ensuring safe sedation during gastroendoscopy”1 and the original article “Academy of Medicine, Singapore clinical guideline on the use...
Letter to the Editor
Non-anaesthesiologists administering propofol in the Singapore context
Dear Editor,
Propofol is a potent intravenous sedative-hypnotic agent. Its popularity for sedation has increased in the last 3 decades because of its smooth, rapid...
Letter to the Editor
Sedation by non-anaesthesiologists in gastrointestinal endoscopy
Dear Editor,
We read with interest the paper by Ang et al.1 on Singapore guidelines in the use of sedation by non-anaesthesiologists during gastrointestinal endoscopy...
Others
Pericardial Injury Following Severe Sepsis from Faecal Peritonitis—A Case Report on the Use of Continuous Cardiac Output Monitoring
The intermittent manual bolus thermodilution method is the most common means of determining cardiac output in critically ill patients. Although widely used, there are...
Review Article
An Overview of Anaesthetic Issues in Phaeochromocytoma
New developments in technology, monitoring and pharmacology over the last decade have improved our understanding of phaeochromocytoma and its management. This review summarises the...
Original Article
Is it Feasible to Use Magnesium Sulphate as a Hypotensive Agent in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery?
Although deliberate hypotension during surgery may potentially cause organ ischaemia, in particular of the myocardium and cerebrum, it is widely used as an adjuvant...
Others
Postanaesthetic Shivering—A Comparison of Thiopentone and Propofol
The incidence of shivering following general anaesthesia varies from 5% to 65%. Postanaesthetic shivering may increase tissue oxygen demand by as much as 500%...
Original Article
Radiotherapy as Local Adjuvant Treatment for Endometrial Carcinoma—A Review of 45 Patients
Radiotherapy as an adjunct to surgery has long been used in the management of endometrial carcinoma with the intent to improve local tumour control...
Original Article
A Review of Patients with High-risk Carcinoma of the Cervix Treated with Combined Surgery and Postoperative Radiotherapy
It is generally accepted that early stage invasive carcinoma of the cervix, stage I to stage IIA disease, can be treated with equal effectiveness...
Others
Sudden Profound Hypoxaemia in the Intensive Care Unit—A Case Report
Significant arterial hypoxaemia is defined as a partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) that is less than 60 mmHg or a percentage of oxyhaemoglobin (%...
Review Article
Bronchoscopy in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU)
Flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopy (FFB) has become an indispensable tool in the optimal management of intensive care unit (ICU) patients with both diagnostic and therapeutic...
Commentary
Management Training in Critical Care Medicine
Critical care medicine as a specialty has grown rapidly, both clinically and academically, over the past 25 years. In the USA, certification of competence...
Others
Combined High-frequency Ventilation (CHFV) in the Treatment of Acute Lung Injury—A Case Report
The role of ventilatory support in acute lung injury is supportive, whilst the damage to alveolar-capillary membranes resolves and alveolar stability is restored. The...
Review Article
Critical Care Medicine in the Western Pacific Region
The Western Pacific region includes a very diverse group of countries varying in their culture, economic development and per capita income, disease prevalence and...
Review Article
Critical Care—The Worldwide Perspective
Although special areas for postoperative patients existed 50 years ago, the modern specialty of Critical Care began during the polio epidemic of the 1950s....
Original Article
Caudal Morphine in Paediatric Patients: A Comparison of Two Different Doses in Children after Major Urogenital Surgery
The use of caudal preservative-free morphine for postoperative analgesia in children has gained popularity since it was first described by Jensen. Several studies have...
Original Article
Use of Central Venous Lines in Paediatrics—A Local Experience
Peripheral access by venous cut down, once popular in the 1950s and 1960s, has almost become obsolete with the introduction of the Seldinger technique...
Original Article
Predictors of Long-term Outcome in Severe Head Injury
Injuries form the fifth commonest cause of death locally. They accounted for 27 out of 100 000 deaths in 1993.
This article is available only...
Original Article
Audit of 2431 Admissions to the Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Singapore General Hospital
The Singapore General Hospital is a 1700-bedded tertiary hospital with subspecialty intensive care units (ICUs), i.e. Surgical ICU, Cardiothoracic ICU, Neurosurgical ICU, Medical ICU,...
Editorial
Intensivists for the Intensive Care Unit—Do They Make a Difference?
Does Critical Care Medicine exist and what defines its area of practice? Different countries have embarked on their own journeys of discovery, and have...
Review Article
Epidural Analgesia in Obstetrics
Most obstetric anaesthetists have their favourite epidural concoction for use in labour, This paper surveys the variation in techniques of drug delivery and types...
Original Article
Soft Tissue Cover in Compound and Complicated Tibial Fractures Using Microvascular Flaps
Compound tibial fractures are high-energy traumatic injuries, which are frequently associated with high incidence of complications like infection and failure of bony union leading...
Original Article
An In vitro Evaluation of Epidural Catheters: Tensile Strength and Resistance to Kinking
In the current era of increasing economic and medicolegal pressures, it is imperative that equipment-related limitations and complications be reduced to a minimum. Epidural...
Original Article
Excimer Laser Phototherapeutic Keratectomy for Recurrent Corneal Erosions
Recurrent cornea1 erosion (RCE) syndrome is a commonly encountered clinical condition which may be difficult to treat. Hansen first described it in 1872.
This article...
Original Article
Use of EMLA Cream or Alfentanil for Analgesia during Ophthalmic Nerve Blocks
Cataract surgery is performed mainly as day-case surgery, with the majority performed under regional anaesthesia. Retrobulbar block, combined with facial nerve block, provides good...
Others
The Use of Magnesium Sulphate in the Intensive Care Management of an Asian Patient with Tetanus
A 29-year old Thai construction worker, previously well, was admitted to our Orthopaedic Department for sudden onset of lower back pain. Physical examination showed...
Others
Re-expansion Pulmonary Oedema Following One-lung Ventilation —A Case Report
A 15-year-old female patient weighing 40 kg with asymptomatic but severe scoliosis was admitted for correction of a skeletal deformity via a thoracoscopic anterior...
Original Article
Changing the Institutional Practice of Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery to Early Extubation
In the past, cardiac patients in this institution were ventilated postoperatively for a prolonged period, frequently overnight. Since 1997 some of our cardiac anaesthetists...
Review Article
Controversies in Anaesthesia—Designer Drugs
The discovery of new drugs in anaesthesia previously relied completely on chance. Chemical compounds produced by pharmaceutical companies were screened by a variety of...
Others
Radial Nerve Injury after Intravenous Cannulation at the Wrist—A Case Report
A 44-year-old male, right-handed and ASA 1 bus driver presented for elective mastoidectomy under general anaesthesia. Preoperative venous cannulation with a 20G cannula (Angiocath™)...
Original Article
Dissemination of Respiratory Secretions During Tracheal Tube Suctioning in an Intensive Care Unit
Tracheal tube suctioning is frequently performed in critically ill patients. This procedure often results in dissemination of droplets from the patient’s respiratory tract with...
Others
Perioperative Wheezing—A Report of Three Cases
Perioperative “wheezing” can be due to upper or lower airway obstruction. The signs and sounds of upper airway obstruction are typically worse during inspiration,...
Others
The Use of the Laryngeal Mask Airway in Post-Tonsillectomy Haemorrhage—A Case Report
A 53-year-old man with a history of hypertension and asymptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was admitted to the hospital for an elective uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, tonsillectomy and bilateral...
Others
A Case Report of the Use of Magnesium Sulphate during Anaesthesia in a Patient who had Adrenalectomy for Phaeochromocytoma
Phaeochromocytomas are catecholamine-secreting tumours of the chromaffin cells of the body derived from neural crest tissue. They may secrete both adrenaline and noradrenaline in...
Original Article
Prophylactic Esmolol Infusion for the Control of Cardiovascular Responses to Extubation after Intracranial Surgery
Both intubation and extubation are processes associated with blood pressure and heart rate flux. While many studies have been carried out on the changes...
Commentary
Transurethral Surgery and the Adductor Spasm
Bladder tumours frequently arise from the posterolateral wall of the bladder1 over the course of the obturator nerve. It is during transurethral resection of...
Others
Subcutaneous Emphysema and Pneumomediastinum after Endotracheal Anaesthesia
Pneumomediastinum is a well-recognised clinical entity. It may present either intraoperatively or postoperatively from a number of possible causes.
This article is available only as...
Original Article
Total Intravenous Anaesthesia Using 3-in-1 Mixture of Propofol, Alfentanil and Mivacurium
Total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) implies achieving the 3 components of anaesthesia (hypnosis, analgesia and muscle relaxation) by the administration of anaesthetics via the intravenous...
Original Article
The Predictive Value of Intraoperative ST-segment Monitoring as a Marker of Myocardial Injury
Patients with ischaemic heart disease have a high incidence of perioperative ischaemia resulting in an increased risk of cardiac events in the post-surgical period.1...
Original Article
Fibre-optic Aided Bougie (FAB) for Simulated Difficult Tracheal Intubation
Difficult intubation remains a key problem1 and the value of a flexible introducer (gum elastic or wire) as a first approach is well recognised...
Others
A Case Report on the Treatment of Intractable Anal Pain from Metastatic Carcinoma of the Cervix
Unremitting pain remained a primary therapeutic challenge in cancer patients. Both opioids and non-opioids are often the main stay of therapy for many.
This article...
Original Article
Intravenous Regional Anaesthesia Using Lignocaine and Tramadol
Intravenous regional anaesthesia (IVRA) has a reported success rate of between 94% and 98% for upper limb surgery. Limitations to its use include the...
Others
Comparison of Allergic Contact Dermatitis Cases in the Private and Subsidised Clinics in the National Skin Centre, Singapore
Allergic contact dermatitis is a common clinical problem seen in our dermatology outpatient clinics, comprising 0.5% of patients seen in 1999. In addition to...
Review Article
Catheter-related Infection: Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment
Intravascular catheters are indispensable for patient care. Despite advances in catheter technology and patient care, catheter infection remains a significant clinical problem.
This article is...
Others
Book Review
This handbook serves an important function for Intensive Care Units in Singapore. It is a collective effort of 35 specialists in 5 different institutions...
Review Article
Intra-abdominal Hypertension—Implications for the Intensive Care Physician
Although the detrimental effects of raised intra-abdominal pressure have been known for over 100 years, it is only in the last two decades that...
Review Article
Anaemia in the Critically Ill—The Optimal Haematocrit
The function of haemoglobin (Hb) is to transport oxygen to the tissues. Approximately 97% of oxygen is transported via Hb, while 3% is transported...
Review Article
Quality of Life in Long-Term Survivors of Intensive Care
Intensive care has undergone rapid technological advancement in recent years enabling complex treatment of patients of advanced age and/or with advanced chronic diseases underlying...
Review Article
Limitation of Life Support in the Critically Ill: The Hong Kong Perspective
Technological advances over the last 30 years have had an enormous impact on the way in which medicine is delivered today. This is particularly...
Review Article
Simulation-based Training at the University of Pittsburgh
In the domain of medical education of both the general public and healthcare professionals, the next decade will present both challenges and opportunities centred...
Original Article
Retinol Palmitate Counteracts Oxidative Injury During Experimental Septic Shock
Gram-negative bacteria induced septic shock, a condition with high mortality, is frequently seen in critical care medicine. The wall of gram-negative bacteria consists of...
Review Article
Pulse Dye Densitometry: A Novel Bedside Monitor of Circulating Blood Volume
The monitoring of circulating blood volume (CBV) is important in the care and management of critically ill patients. Progressive blood volume depletion, if unmonitored...
Others
Case Report: Catheter-Related Epidural Abscess
Epidural abscess complicating epidural catheterisation was first reported in 1974. Two recent studies indicated a local infection incidence of epidural catheters of 4.3% to...
Original Article
Early Unplanned Readmission of Elderly in Singapore: A Retrospective Study
The number of elderly people in Singapore is expected to increase over the next 2 decades. The proportion of those 60 years and above...
Others
A Review of Cutaneous Granulomas and Lupus Vulgaris Following BCG Vaccination in a Skin Hospital in Singapore
BCG vaccines are live vaccines derived from a strain of Mycobacterium bovis that was attenuated by Calmette and Guerin at the Pasteur Institute in...
Original Article
A Twelve-year Review of Radical Cystectomies in Singapore General Hospital
Bladder carcinoma is the tenth most common cancer affecting men in Singapore. It is more common in men with an age-standardised incidence rate of...
Others
A Case of Pulmonary Haemorrhage Following Jet Ventilation for Vocal Cord Surgery
Laryngospasm occurring at extubation is not an uncommon complication seen with use of endotracheal tubes and laryngeal mask airway. We report a case of...
Others
Subdural Block—From a Spinal? A Case Report
There have been multiple reports of accidental subdural blocks published in the last 20 years. Majority of these have been the result of an...
Original Article
Audit of Total Parenteral Nutrition in an Adult Surgical Intensive Care
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) may contribute to good outcome in selected groups of patients. Parenteral nutrition is highly effective in reversing effects attributable to...
Others
Clinical Update on Managing the Obstructed Airway
Maintaining a patent upper airway is the first principle in resuscitation and acute care. This is usually carried out by anaesthesiologists, emergency medicine physicians...
Others
Anaesthetic Considerations for Lung Volume Reduction Surgery—A Case Report
Only until a few years ago, the only surgical alternative for patients with severe emphysema was lung transplantation. However, with transplantation, there are problems...
Others
Remifentanil in the Management of Laparoscopic Resection of Phaeochromocytoma – Case Reports
The perioperative management of surgery for laparoscopic resection of phaeochromocytoma presents a significant challenge. Many different anaesthetic techniques and drugs have been used to...
Original Article
A Prospective Audit of Critical Incidents in Anaesthesia in a University Teaching Hospital
Despite the highest standards of training, practice and equipment, morbidity and mortality due to anaesthesia still occur. These risks are difficult to quantify, and...
Original Article
Hepatic Resection for Colorectal Metastases to the Liver: The National Cancer Centre/Singapore General Hospital Experience
Colorectal carcinoma is the fourth most common malignancy and the second leading cause of death worldwide. Although surgical resection in combination with adjuvant chemotherapy...
Original Article
Adolescent Admissions to a Tertiary Paediatric Hospital: A Dynamic Pattern
The nature of paediatric practice is changing worldwide. In developing countries, infant mortality from infectious diseases continues to fall with improved immunisation, medical care...
Letter to the Editor
Labour epidural practice in a tertiary training centre
Dear Editor,
Labour analgesia provided through the central neuraxial approach is offered for parturients who are in their active stage of labour, usually after 2–4cm...
Review Article
Academy of Medicine, Singapore clinical guideline on the use of sedation by non-anaesthesiologists during gastrointestinal endoscopy in the hospital setting
The practice of gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy over the last 3 decades has seen both a rise in volume of routine procedures, and an increase...
Editorial
Ensuring safe sedation during gastroendoscopy
Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy started in Singapore in 1968 with diagnostic endoscopic gastric examination, using flexible fibre-optics GI endoscopy. Fibre-optic flexible sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy were...
Original Article
Transurethral Resection of Prostate (TURP) Through The Decades – A Comparison of Results Over the Last Thirty Years in a Single Institution in Asia
Over the last 70 years, transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) has been used in the surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and is...
Others
Acute Isolated Sphenoid Sinusitis
Isolated infection of the sphenoid sinus is uncommon. It usually occurs in conjunction with infection of the other paranasal sinuses. Acute isolated sphenoid sinusitis...
Original Article
Audit of Diagnostic and Interventional Craniocervical Catheter Angiographic Procedures at the Singapore General Hospital
Catheter angiography has long been considered the diagnostic standard by which the accuracy of other vascular imaging modalities are compared, given its superior contrast...
Review Article
Marijuana in Pregnancy
Marijuana has been used for thousands of years for both medical and recreational purposes. Because the pharmacological actions of marijuana are complex and include...
Original Article
Spectrum of Dentofacial Deformities: A Retrospective Survey
Deformity refers to distortion of any part of the body. The term dentofacial is related to the dental arches and their effects on facial...
Others
Transmission of Tuberculosis from Patient to Healthcare Workers in the Anaesthesia Context
Tuberculosis poses a very real problem to healthcare workers (HCWs). In Singapore, the prevalence of tuberculosis in the general population remains high at 44...
Letter to the Editor
An Unexpected Left Hydrothorax after Left Internal Jugular Venous Catheterisation for Total Parental Nutrition and Antibiotics
Percutaneous indwelling central venous catheters are commonly used for a variety of medical and surgical indications. There are various complications associated with the insertion...
Original Article
The Impact of Experiential Learning on NUS Medical Students: Our Experience With Task Trainers and Human-patient Simulation
The realisation that students have different cognitive and learning styles has had major implications on medical curriculum design efforts. If the student’s learning style...
Others
Can Long-term Corticosteroids Lead to Blindness? A Case Series of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy Induced by Corticosteroids
Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is an idiopathic disorder characterised by serous detachment of the macula, retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) detachment and areas of RPE...
Others
Ethambutol-associated Optic Neuropathy
Tuberculosis (TB) has been present since ancient times. Around 460 BC, Hippocrates identified phthisis, which is the Greek term for consumption (TB seemed to...
Original Article
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: A Five-year Review at Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
Carbon monoxide (CO) is an odourless, tasteless and toxic gas and is the most abundant pollutant in the lower atmosphere. It is produced largely...
Original Article
Evaluation of Surgical and Anaesthesia Response Times for Crash Caesarean Sections – An Audit of a Singapore Hospital
In 1995, the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists published the “Organisational Standards for Maternity Services” in which it was proposed that there be...
Others
Swallowed Foreign Bodies in Children: Report of Four Unusual Cases
Foreign body (FB) ingestion in children is a frequent and frightening experience to the patients and caregivers. It is a common paediatric problem necessitating...
Original Article
A Review of Clinical Pathway Data of 1663 Total Knee Arthroplasties in a Tertiary Institution in Singapore
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has been established as an effective treatment modality for patients with symptomatic knee arthritis. It provides predictable decrement in pain,...
Review Article
Obesity and Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Hypopnoea Syndrome in Singapore Children
Obesity is becoming a problem of epidemic proportions and is perhaps, the most pervasive medical problem faced by medical providers today. It is a...
Original Article
The Relationship between Postoperative Complications and Outcomes after Hip Fracture Surgery
Hip fractures constitute a major health concern for older persons and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, with 1-year mortality rates ranging from...
Review Article
Prophylaxis Against Endopthalmitis in Cataract Surgery
Endophthalmitis is an uncommon but potentially devastating complication of cataract surgery and often carries a poor prognosis. Due to variations in study design and...
Letter to the Editor
Advanced Burkitt’s Lymphoma Presenting With Jejunal Perforation
Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) is a high grade B-cell neoplasm under the umbrella of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. It is predominantly seen in children but may also...
Others
Arteriovenous Fistula Aneurysm – Plicate, Not Ligate
Arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) are created for haemodialysis in patients with end-stage renal failure. While AVF is a lifeline for these patients, its creation is...
Original Article
Perforated Appendicitis in Children: Benefits of Early Laparoscopic Surgery
Despite perforated appendicitis (PA) being a common surgical emergency in childhood, controversy still exists with regard to its management in this era of minimal...
Original Article
Oxycodone – An Audit of its Prescription in a Local Hospital
Oral opioids have been increasingly used for treatment of both cancer and non-cancer pain.1-4 Oxycodone is a synthetic opioid that has become recently available...
Letter to the Editor
Reply from Author: Intrathecal Analgesia for Cancer Pain: Externalised Intrathecal Catheters
We thank Dr Nicholas Chua et al for their interest in our review article. We agree and appreciate the experience and comments by the...
Letter to the Editor
Intrathecal Analgesia for Cancer Pain: Externalised Intrathecal Catheters
We thank the authors for a comprehensive review on the role of interventional pain therapies used in cancer pain as well as a informative...
Letter to the Editor
Peritoneo-Cutaneous Fistula Secondary to Skin Excoriation from a Large Chronic Incisional Hernia
Incisional hernias are common complications following abdominal surgery with an incidence of 2% to 20% after midline laparotomy. Umbilical fluid discharge is, however, an...
Original Article
Epidemiology and Management of Surgical Upper Limb Infections in Patients with End-stage Renal Failure
Hand infections are common in the general population, and their management is usually uncomplicated. Several papers have noted that patients with diabetes mellitus have...
Original Article
Brachial Approach for Coronary Angiography and Intervention: Totally Obsolete, or a Feasible Alternative When Radial Access is Not Possible?
The possible methods of reaching the coronary vasculature using a percutaneous technique are limitless: the radial, femoral, brachial, ulnar, subclavian and axillary arteries, and...
Original Article
The Singapore National Healthcare Group Diabetes Registry – Descriptive Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most challenging global health problems in the 21st century. It is associated with excess mortality and significant morbidity...
Original Article
Functional Outcomes of Cancer Patients in an Inpatient Rehabilitation Setting
Cancer is the leading cause of death and the second most common cause of hospitalisation in Singapore. Cancer rehabilitation aims to help the patient...
Original Article
A Double-Blind, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Trial of EMLA® Cream (Eutectic Lidocaine/Prilocaine Cream) for Analgesia Prior to Cryotherapy of Plantar Warts in Adults
Plantar warts are commonly diagnosed in dermatology clinics. They are painful, contagious and have the potential to cause considerable morbidity. Among the therapeutic modalities,...
Original Article
Clinical Outcome and Cost Comparison Between Laparoscopic and Open Appendicectomy
Acute appendicitis is one of the most common causes of acute abdominal pain requiring surgical intervention. The traditional operation of choice was the open...
Original Article
Neonatal and Paediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) in a Single Asian Tertiary Centre
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a cardiopulmonary bypass technique (CPB) introduced by Bartlett in 1972, which provides life-saving support in patients with refractory yet...
Letter to the Editor
Recommendations for standards of neuromuscular monitoring during anaesthesia
Dear Editor,
We presented recommendations for neuromuscular monitoring during anaesthesia, which were approved by the Council of the College of Anaesthesiologists, Singapore in September 2019...
Original Article
Evidence-Based Guidelines on the Use of Opioids in Chronic Non-Cancer Pain—A Consensus Statement by the Pain Association of Singapore Task Force
Studies show that the incidence of chronic pain is approximately 18% in Australia and developed countries in Europe. In Asia, data from Hong Kong...
Original Article
The Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Chronic Pain Patients in Singapore: A Single-Centre Study
Chronic pain is a prevalent disease that is often diffi cult to manage. According to a World Health Organisation survey, the worldwide prevalence of...
Original Article
Management Plan to Reduce Risks in Perioperative Care of Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Averts the Need for Presurgical Polysomnography
A significant proportion of patients with underlying obstructive sleepapnoea (OSA) remain undiagnosed when they present for surgery. Epidemiologic data have placed
the prevalence in the...
Original Article
Risk Factors for Severe Adenovirus Infection in Children during an Outbreak in Singapore
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are well known pathogens that cause a variety of human illnesses. They are non-enveloped, linear double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) viruses. More...
Letter to the Editor
A survey of Singapore anaesthesiologists for practice and prevention of peri-operative hypothermia in adult surgical patients
Core temperature is the temperature of blood and internal organs; influenced by biorhythm, metabolism, activity and hormones. It is regulated within a narrow range,...