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Deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: Looking back, looking forward

Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) may present with prodromal (e.g. hyposmia, sleep disorders, constipation), motor (e.g. tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, postural dysfunction) and non-motor (e.g. cognitive dysfunction, depression) symptoms.1 Treatment is symptomatic, targeting motor and non-motor manifestations, but there is presently no effective disease modifying treatment.1 Although PD therapies have...

Shock index: Easy to use, but can it predict outcomes following major abdominal emergency surgery?

Major abdominal emergency surgery (MAES) is commonly performed for various potentially life-threatening intra-abdominal surgical conditions with high perioperative mortality of up to 45%.1 Certain patient factors (e.g. advanced age, frailty, and presence of multiple comorbidities) and disease factors (e.g. perforated viscus and intra-abdominal sepsis) have been shown to predict...

Minimal monitoring is a safe but underutilised strategy for hepatitis C virus treatment in Singapore

Dear Editor, Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is estimated to affect 57 million people globally.1 Despite the availability of safe and effective pan-genotypic direct acting antivirals,2-5 many countries have yet to achieve the WHO goal of HCV elimination by 2030.1 To facilitate HCV elimination, current guidelines recommend using a...

Invasive Cancer after Treatment of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia

The objective of a cervical screening programme is to prevent invasive cancer of the cervix by detecting and treating pre-invasive disease of the cervix. The impact of the programme depends both on the detection of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and upon their being treated effectively. This article is...

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Continuous Blood Purification in the Intensive Care Unit

The last decade has seen a progressive change in the style of management of severe acute renal failure (acute renal failure which requires the use of renal replacement therapy) as well as in the epidemiology of this condition. Severe acute renal failure (SARF) is now most commonly seen in...

Subclavian-oesophageal Fistula as a Complication of Foreign Body Ingestion: A Case Report

Ingested foreign bodies are a common condition in the practice of Otolaryngology. In particular, there is no doubt a greater tendency in the local community to consume fish without it being de-boned. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the...

The Role for Preoperative Localisation Techniques in Surgery for Hyperparathyroidism

Hyperparathyroidism is well recognised as a clinical problem that has a myriad of presentation. The classical presenting symptoms of hypercalcaemia have been well documented but there is an even greater awareness that many non-specific symptoms like fatigue, depression and constipation are related to hypercalcaemia. This article is available only as...

Osteoporosis—The Need for a Paradigm Shift

Osteoporosis is becoming an increasing public health problem in most countries. Osteoporosis literally means “porous bones” and involves skeletal fragility leading to an increased risk of fracture. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Managing Problem Gout

Gout occurs in 3 overlapping phases: a long phase of asymptomatic hyperuricaemia, a period of recurrent acute gouty attacks separated by asymptomatic intervals (interval gout), followed in about 10% of patients by chronic tophaceous gouty arthritis. Gout is one of the better understood of the arthritic disorders, and certainly...

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Singapore

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or lupus (“wolf” in Latin) in short, is an autoimmune disorder of unknown aetiology(ies) and characterised by diverse clinical manifestations as well as a plethora of autoantibodies in the sera of patients. The clinical features of SLE vary in different population groups. Ethnic and genetic...

Murine Lupus: Pathogenic Mechanisms and Genetic Origins

The complex and non organ-specific nature of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has made it difficult for researchers to unravel the genetic defects and pathogenic mechanisms underlying this disease. Over the past 30 years, several mouse models of lupus bearing differing sets of phenotypes and genotypes, have collectively contributed a...

Outcome of Tunnelled Central Venous Haemodialysis Catheters Inserted by Radiologists

In end-stage renal failure patients, maintaining adequate vascular access continues to be an ongoing challenge. Native arteriovenous fistulas or synthetic arteriovenous grafts are satisfactory long-term options. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Aetiology and Distribution of Mandibular Fractures in the National University Hospital, Singapore

Apart from the nasal bone, the mandible is the most commonly fractured bone in the face. It is also the 10th most often broken bone in the body. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

A Case Series of Falciparum Malaria-induced Acute Renal Failure

Predominantly a disease of hot and humid climates, malaria affects 270 million people worldwide annually, and has a mortality rate of 1%. The increasing morbidity and mortality attributable to malaria in recent years follows the loss, in the early 1970s, of the impetus and impact of the initial WHO...

Bilateral Caudate Infarct—A Case Report

The head of caudate nucleus forms a prominent bulge in the lateral wall of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle. Its blood supply is from the deep penetrators from the middle cerebral and anterior cerebral arteries. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF”...

Under-diagnosed Psychiatric Syndrome II: Pathologic Skin Picking

Pathologic skin picking may be defined as the habitual picking of skin lesions, which when chronic and extensive, can lead to significant distress, dysfunction and disfigurement. The underlying skin lesions may range from benign ones, e.g. barely noticeable irregularities of the skin, to more severe ones, e.g. acne, eczema,...

Renal Cell Carcinoma in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure

Dunnil and associates first described the association of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with acquired cystic kidney disease (ACKD) and end stage renal disease. The incidence of ACKD in dialysis patients ranges from 10% to 90% depending on the duration of dialysis. This article is available only as a PDF. Please...

Inferior Vena Cava Thrombectomy for Renal Cell Carcinoma with Thrombus

A characteristic feature of renal cell carcinoma is the development of tumour thrombus extending into the inferior vena cava (IVC). This takes place in 4% to 10% of cases. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Under-diagnosed Psychiatric Syndrome I: Trichotillomania

Trichotillomania (TTM) is a chronic psychiatric condition characterised by uncontrollable, self-inflicted, hair pulling, resulting in noticeable hair loss. First described by Hallopeau a century ago, it was previously regarded as an obscure condition. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view...

Preliminary Results of Heart-beating and Non-heart-beating Donor Kidney Transplants—The Singapore Experience

End stage renal failure (ESRF) is the most common end stage organ disease treated with transplantation in Singapore. Though renal transplantation is the preferred treatment for ESRF, organ shortage is a major obstacle. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view...

The Role of Cytokines and Cytokine Gene Polymorphism in T-cell Activation and Allograft Rejection

Cytokines are peptide molecules that are responsible for intercellular signalling during immune activation events. Cytokines are responsible, in large part, for the regulation of all local and systemic immune inflammatory and immunoregulatory events. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view...

Proteinuria and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Gene Polymorphism

Proteinuria is considered a marker of renal disease. Traditionally it has been thought that proteinuria is the result of diseased glomeruli. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Genetics of Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy

Immunoglobulin (Ig) A nephropathy is the most common primary glomerulonephritis in various parts of the world, and it was detected in 25% of biopsy specimens taken from children in Kobe University Hospital. IgA nephropathy was initially considered to be a benign disease with a favourable prognosis, but as data...

Case Reports of Low Dose Cyclosporine A Therapy in Adult Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome

There have been many reports on the use of conventional doses of cyclosporine A (CsA) in inducing remission among adults with minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS), including those who fail steroids and cyclophosphamide therapy or who are steroid dependent and frequent relapsers. We report 3 cases which demonstrate the...

Quality of Life in Long-Term Survivors of Intensive Care

Intensive care has undergone rapid technological advancement in recent years enabling complex treatment of patients of advanced age and/or with advanced chronic diseases underlying their acute medical problems. New interventions have been introduced with success determined by their ability to save lives. This article is available only as a PDF....

Limitation of Life Support in the Critically Ill: The Hong Kong Perspective

Technological advances over the last 30 years have had an enormous impact on the way in which medicine is delivered today. This is particularly so in the specialty of intensive care where intensivists possess the necessary knowledge and tools to prolong life in many situations where patients would previously...

Update in the Management of Stroke

Stroke is the fourth leading cause of death and a leading cause of morbidity in Singapore. The number of hospital admissions for cerebrovascular disorders has been rising dramatically over the last few years, exceeding 10,400 in 2001. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF”...

The Course of Pregnancy in a Patient with Nail-Patella Syndrome

The nail-patella syndrome (NPS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder defined by the association of nail dysplasia, bone abnormalities and, frequently, renal disease. We report the course of pregnancy in a patient with such a condition. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on...

Pregnancy after Renal Transplantation: Experience in Singapore General Hospital

Successful renal transplantation significantly improves the sexual and reproductive functions of women with end-stage renal disease and offers the best hope for those who wish to have children. Conception rate has been reported to improve dramatically from 1 in 200 dialysis patients to 1 in 50 women with a...

Clinical Update on Osteoporosis

Fractures, the most serious complication of osteoporosis, are increasing and constitute an evolving public health problem in terms of disability, mortality and cost. A paradigm shift in the management of osteoporosis has resulted from the development of techniques which can diagnose osteoporosis before fractures occur, and effective medications which...

An Asian Perspective to the Problem of Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is regarded as an important public health problem in many Caucasian populations. Much of the research on epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, genetic and molecular aspects has been carried out in the West. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the...

Contemporary Management of Fibroids

Fibroids are the most common, solid benign pelvic tumours occurring in about 30% of women beyond the age of 30. They are asymptomatic in most women. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Surgical Management of Colorectal Metastases to the Liver

Colorectal carcinoma is the second commonest cancer in both males and females in Singapore, accounting for about 15% of all cancer cases. The liver is the most common site of distant metastases from colorectal cancer. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top...

The Diagnosis and Management of Hypercalcaemia

Hypercalcaemia is a relatively common clinical problem with the widespread use of routine biochemical screening. Population studies have suggested a prevalence of 3% in women and <1% in men above the age of 60 years. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top...

Nipah Encephalitis Outbreak in Malaysia

From September 1998 to June 1999, there was an outbreak of viral encephalitis in several pig farming villages in Malaysia. The outbreak, which started in Ulu Piah, Tambun and Ampang near Ipoh in the state of Perak, later involved Sikamat, Sungai Nipah, Kampong Sawah and Bukit Pelanduk areas in...

Seasonal Variations of Clinical and Biochemical Parameters in Chronic Haemodialysis

Seasonal variations in the general population in some body functions and diseases incidences have been well-established (e.g., vitamin D levels, allergic rhinitis, blood pressure, levels of physical activity and energy expenditure, mental depression, peptic ulcer disease, and death from chronic heart failure). Similar patterns of seasonal variations in some...

Patients who Talk and Deteriorate: A New Look at an Old Problem

Patients who talk after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and then subsequently deteriorate into a coma are defined as those with an initial Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) verbal score of 3 or greater, and then deteriorate to a GCS of 8 or less. Less than 10% of patients with minor...

High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein is Predictive of Medium-term Cardiac Outcome in High-risk Asian Patients Presenting With Chest Pain Syndrome Without Myocardial Infarction

Patients with chest pain often pose a diagnostic conundrum to the attending physician especially when symptoms are not typical of angina and the electrocardiogram nondiagnostic. Troponin levels are frequently measured at presentation to prognosticate the patient. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on...

Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS)

Liver failure is clinically heterogeneous in aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical severity and prognoses. It can be divided into the following categories: acute liver failure (ALF), of which the most severe form is fulminant hepatic failure (FHF); acute-on-chronic liver failure (AoCLF), such as acute viral hepatitis flare in those with chronic...

Hand-assisted Laparoscopic Living Donor Nephrectomy

Minimally invasive donor nephrectomy using laparoscopic techniques has become a very attractive method of procuring kidneys from live donors, compared to the traditional standard open surgical approach. The laparoscopic approach to live donor nephrectomy has advantages of decreased postoperative pain with lesser analgesic requirement, less surgical trauma, shorter hospitalisation...

A Case Report of Occupational Asthma due to Gluteraldehyde Exposure

Worldwide, asthma is estimated to affect between 5% and 10% of the population and, among adults, 4% to 9% of these cases have been attributed to an occupational cause. Yet, only 3 cases were reported and confirmed in Singapore in the year 2000 – an incidence of only 0.14/100,000...

Bile Duct Perforation in Children: Is it Truly Spontaneous?

Bile duct perforation (BDP) and biliary ascites in children is a rare clinical entity. The aetiopathogenesis is still elusive. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

3rd College of Physicians’ Lecture – Translational Research: From Bench to Bedside and From Bedside to Bench; Incorporating a Clinical Research Journey in IgA Nephritis (1976 to 2006)

In our quest to pursue knowledge regarding a patient’s illness or seek a cure for the disease, as doctors we have to derive the necessary answers through physical examination of the patient and investigations either at the bedside or the laboratory. We engage in research activities into the patient’s...

SARS in Singapore – Predictors of Disease Severity

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a recently defined illness caused by a novel coronavirus. The outbreak in Singapore originated from Hong Kong via mainland China. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Commercial Renal Transplantation – Body Parts for Sale

A 45-year-old Singaporean was seen for review by a nephrologist at a restructured hospital. She had been on follow up by a private nephrologist for management of chronic renal failure (CRF) due to diabetes mellitus. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top...

Swallowed Foreign Bodies in Children: Report of Four Unusual Cases

Foreign body (FB) ingestion in children is a frequent and frightening experience to the patients and caregivers. It is a common paediatric problem necessitating occasional immediate intervention to avoid serious complications. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full...

Newborn Screening for all Identifiable Disorders with Tandem Mass Spectrometry is Cost Effective: The Negative Case

This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

The NORSE (New-onset Refractory Status Epilepticus) Syndrome: Defining a Disease Entity

Status epilepticus (SE) describes a clinical condition characterised by an epileptic seizure or a series of seizures that lasts for at least 30 minutes without consciousness being regained.1 Some authors have added a time line of 60 minutes. The incidence of generalised convulsive status epilepticus (GCSE) is between 40...

Obesity and Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Hypopnoea Syndrome in Singapore Children

Obesity is becoming a problem of epidemic proportions and is perhaps, the most pervasive medical problem faced by medical providers today. It is a problem affecting about 10% to 15% of our school-going population in Singapore, affecting disease burden in virtually every medical subspecialty. This article is available only as...

A Walk Through the Management of Parkinson’s Disease

The management of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease is deceptively simple. Current practice, which consists of replacing dopamine on a twice or thrice daily regime may actually be responsible for causing the involuntary movements (dyskinesias) which were formerly thought to be inevitable in the disease and which occur in association with...

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor versus Angiotensin 2 Receptor Antagonist Therapy and the Influence of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene Polymorphism in IgA Nephritis

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ATRA) are both well established drugs utilised to help retard the progression of chronic kidney diseases to end-stage renal failure (ESRF), either by reducing proteinuria or even reversing mild renal impairment and restoring normal renal function in some cases....

Perforated Appendicitis in Children: Benefits of Early Laparoscopic Surgery

Despite perforated appendicitis (PA) being a common surgical emergency in childhood, controversy still exists with regard to its management in this era of minimal access surgery. Open appendicectomy (OA) has been accepted as the standard procedure for PA. However, OA has been associated with prolonged hospitalisation and significant complications...

Recovery and Regeneration after Spinal Cord Injury: A Review and Summary of Recent Literature

Spinal cord injury (SCI), whether of traumatic or non-traumatic aetiology, often results in significant and catastrophic dysfunction and disability. It physically and psychologically affects not only the individual, but also the family and society. Early rehabilitation in an organised multidisciplinary SCI care system has been shown to be beneficial,...

Factors Predictive of Outcome in Childhood Stroke in an Asian Population

Strokes in childhood are generally considered to be rare with an incidence of about 2.7 per 100 000 children per year.1 The aetiologies of stroke in children differ considerably from adults and multiple risk factors commonly co-exist. A large stroke registry in North America reported that a large proportion...

ANCA-negative Pauci-immune Crescentic Glomerulonephritis with Thrombotic Microangiopathy

Pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis (Pauci-immune CGN) is the most common cause of CGN. Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) defines a clinicopathological syndrome consisting of intraluminal platelet thrombosis in the microvasculature and the presence of fragmented red blood cells and thrombocytopaenia in the peripheral blood, and may be seen in haemolytic uraemic syndrome...

Urotensin 2 and Retinoic Acid Receptor Alpha (RARA) Gene Expression in IgA Nephropathy

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerulonephritis in Singapore1 and in many parts of the world, contributing significantly to the pool of end-stage renal failure patients annually. Despite more than 3 decades of research, the pathogenesis of the disease is still poorly understood. This article is available only...

Epidemiology and Management of Surgical Upper Limb Infections in Patients with End-stage Renal Failure

Hand infections are common in the general population, and their management is usually uncomplicated. Several papers have noted that patients with diabetes mellitus have more severe infections, a different spectrum of bacteriology and a worse outcome. In our experience, of all patients with upper limb infections, those with end-stage...

Surgical Metastasectomy in AJCC Stage IV M1c Melanoma Patients with Gastrointestinal and Liver Metastases

The prognosis of patients with stage IV melanoma or recurrent melanoma is poor with an estimated median survival period of 6 months. The recent revised version of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system for cutaneous melanoma has further sub-divided melanoma metastatic sites to 3 specific categories;...

Novel Trends in Haemodialysis: Where Are We Heading?

Despite advances in haemodialysis technology over the past 40 years and rapid proliferation of clinical guidelines over the last decade promoting evidence-based practices, the mortality of end-stage renal failure patients on conventional thrice-weekly in-centre haemodialysis remains remarkably high. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download...

The Need for a System of Prognostication in Skeletal Metastasis to Decide Best End-of-life Care – A Call to Arms

Decisions regarding potential surgery for metastatic disease are influenced by estimates of patient survival. For example, patients with long life expectancy may be appropriately treated with extensive resection and durable reconstruction to provide long lasting function and mobility; in contrast, a patient with a very short life expectancy may...

Triplicate Ureter with Contralateral Duplicate Ureter

What do you see in this intravenous urogram? 1. Left lower ureteric calculus with proximal hydroureteronephrosis 2. Left duplicated ureter with lower ureteric calculus 3. Right triplicate ureter with left duplicated ureter 4. Right triplicate ureter with left duplicate ureter with left lower ureteric calculus with proximal hydroureteronephrosis This article is available only as a PDF....

rTSβ as a Novel 5-fluorouracil Resistance Marker of Colorectal Cancer: A Preliminary Study

Although colorectal cancer is common in Western countries, in the past, it has been uncommon in Asian countries. However, its prevalence has gradually been increasing. Since 1982, malignant cancers have been the leading cause of death in Taiwan. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download...

Profile of Hospitalisation and Death in the First Year after Diagnosis of End-stage Renal Disease in a Multi-ethnic Asian Population

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is reaching epidemic proportions and is increasingly a public health issue due to the cost of providing care to these patients. There are many kidney disease databases and registries tracking and studying trends in the epidemiology and care of ESRD patients. This article is available only...

Primary Hyperoxaluria

An 18-year-old male presented with complaints of abdominal pain. He had history of previous episodes of renal colic and passage of stones in urine. Renal function tests were deranged (blood urea levels of 72 mg/dL and serum creatinine levels of 3.2mg/dL). Abdominal X-ray (Fig.1) and non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT)...

Presentation and Outcome Amongst Older Singaporeans Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS): Does Age Alone Drive Excess Mortality?

Singapore is a country of high income with a low level human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic, the yearly incidence of disease currently standing at 121.7 new infections per million population per year. Certain features of Singapore’s HIV epidemic are notable. Firstly, despite active screening programmes amongst high-risk populations and...

Male Breast Cancer in Singapore: 15 Years of Experience at a Single Tertiary Institution

Male breast cancer is a rare disease entity, traditionally said to represent <1% of all diagnosed breast cancers. Recent statistics, however, suggest that its incidence may be on the rise, although the clinical significance of this is unknown. This rarity has precluded large randomised controlled trials, and most treatment...

Assessment of the American Joint Committee on Cancer 7th Edition Staging for Localised Prostate Cancer in Asia Treated with External Beam Radiotherapy

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer in men, with a worldwide incidence of approximately 900,000 in 2008. Internationally, there is marked variation in incidence, ranging from 104.2 per 100,000 in some Western populations, to 4.1 per 100,000 in South and Central Asia. However, there has...

Internet Addiction in Young People

The Internet has in recent years become ubiquitous in the lives of young persons and children due to rapid information technology (IT) development, high speed wire connection, easy accessibility and increasing affordability. Its growth has also been fuelled by a huge customer demand created by social and print media,...

Kidney Cancer and Diabetes Mellitus: A Population-Based Case-Control Study in Taiwan

Kidney cancer accounts for 3% to 4% of all cancers. In a systematic review by Mathew and et al,2 the incidence of kidney cancer was the highest in France (16.1 per 100,000 man-years) and the lowest in India (0.9 per 100,000 woman-years) during 1988 to 1992. A trend analysis in...

Singapore Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) Experience: Shall We Change Our Practice?

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) constitutes nearly 4% of all children diagnosed with cancer in the ethnically diverse small island city of Singapore. It is the most common primary soft tissue malignancy of childhood and one which is highly sensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy leading to excellent overall survivals. In KK...

Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

According to the National Health Survey, the percentage of Singapore residents with diabetes mellitus (DM) aged between 18 and 69 years has risen from 8.2% in 2004 to 11.3% in 2010. DM can lead to a myriad of long-term health complications such as coronary heart disease, kidney failure and...

Dietary Protein Intake in a Multi-ethnic Asian Population of Healthy Participants and Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

Clinical practice guidelines recommend different amounts of dietary protein intake for chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. The recommended daily protein intake varies according to the level of kidney function (glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in mL/min per 1.73 m2 body surface area). It is unknown how effectively these recommendations perform...

Avulsed Tip of a Systemic Iceberg

An 18-year-old male presented to the emergency department of Khoo Teck Puat Hospital with knee pain and swelling while playing basketball. He was unable to bear weight. He had a surgical history of combined liver and kidney transplant 3 years ago. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF”...

Obesity in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing global pandemic infection by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is established that increasing age and comorbidities such as cardiovascular diseases are associated with risk of infection, more severe disease and adverse outcomes. Obesity is an epidemic globally, causing...

Clinical Presentation and Disease Associations of Gout: A Hospital-based Study of 100 Patients in Singapore

Gout is a common metabolic disease that causes arthritis which is often painful and sometimes disabling. It results from the deposition of monosodium urate monohydrate crystals in the joints and soft tissue giving rise to an acute inflammatory response. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on...