Cryptococcosis is a well-recognised infection in immunocompromised patients, although its prevalence varies with the type of immune defect. We report a patient with myasthenia...

Urogenital fistulas are a known but uncommon complication of gynaecological surgery, especially those involving a malignant process. Its incidence does not exceed 2%. This article...

To our knowledge this is the first reported case of an isolated vesicocutaneous fistula related to previous radiation therapy for recurrent vulvar cancer. This article...

Radiotherapy is the mainstay treatment for locally advanced carcinoma of the cervix. It is also administered as an adjuvant therapy to patients deemed at...

Significant technological advances have been made in the management of ureteric calculi. The newer semirigid, fibreoptic ureteroscopes can now be passed with minimal trauma...

Traumatic dislocation of the testes is uncommon. The first case was reported by Claubry in 1818 in Paris, when a 20-year-old soldier was run...

Patients with renal or ureteric colic are commonly seen at our Emergency Department. We routinely check their urine for haematuria using the Combur 9...

Staging of disease is important. It serves as a guide for further management and also for comparing the results of treatment. Traditionally this has...

Acute retention of urine (ARU) is the commonest urological condition requiring emergency admission to hospital and is usually managed by urethral catheterisation. Previously, patients...

Dunnil and associates first described the association of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with acquired cystic kidney disease (ACKD) and end stage renal disease. The...

A characteristic feature of renal cell carcinoma is the development of tumour thrombus extending into the inferior vena cava (IVC). This takes place in...

The management of the non-functional tuberculous kidney is controversial and ranges from surgical intervention to conservative treatment. Intra-renal scarring with stricture formation is common...

The treatment of urinary calculi has changed tremendously since the introduction of extra corporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL), percutaneous nephrostolithotomy (PCNL), and ureteroscopy over the...

Haematuria of any degree should never be ignored and, in adults, it should be regarded as a symptom of urological malignancy until proven otherwise....

Nitric oxide (NO) has been recognised as a nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) inhibitory neurotransmitter at various sites in the nervous system. Its function as a...

Castleman’s disease (CD) was first proposed by Castleman in 1954. It is usually found in the mediastinum, but other sites have been described. This article...

As the population is growing older and the society getting more affluent, people are aiming for a better quality of life. This has resulted...

Telemedicine is the use of telecommunication technologies to provide medical information and healthcare services. Early applications include medical use of the telephone and facsimile. This...

Vesico-ureteric reflux (VUR, OMIM #193000), the name given to reflux of urine from the bladder into the ureter and towards the kidney, is believed...

Bladder tumours frequently arise from the posterolateral wall of the bladder1 over the course of the obturator nerve. It is during transurethral resection of...

It is well known that T1 carcinoma of the prostate has varying biologic behaviour. Attempts to identify those at higher risk of progression have...

Bladder cancer is the sixth most frequent malignant disease in the world. Superficial stages of the tumour are found in 75% to 85% of...

Oncocytomas are neoplasms characterised by large epithelial cells with finely granular eosinophilic cytoplasm called oncocytes. They were first described by Zippel in 1942 and...

The typical ureteric calculus presents with an acute onset of flank pain which may radiate to the groin. Intravenous urography (IVU) has classically been...

The introduction of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) in the 1980s revolutionised treatment of renal and ureteric calculi. Progress in the field of extracorporeal lithotripsy...

Intravenous regional anaesthesia (IVRA) has a reported success rate of between 94% and 98% for upper limb surgery. Limitations to its use include the...

Prostate cancer is the most prevalent cancer among men in the United States. In Singapore, it is the sixth most common incidence of cancer...

Many medical schools worldwide have made the shift toward problem-based learning (PBL) medical education. Some of them employ these new techniques in only part...

Bladder carcinoma is the tenth most common cancer affecting men in Singapore. It is more common in men with an age-standardised incidence rate of...

Open surgical removal had been the standard treatment for urolithiasis till the early 1980s when introduction of percutaneous techniques and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy...

Adrenal myelolipoma is a rare, benign tumour, usually an incidental finding. Spontaneous retroperitoneal haemorrhage resulting from this tumour is rare. This article is available only...

Cystoscopy, supplemented by urine cytology, remains the gold standard in detecting primary and recurrent bladder cancer. Urine cytology, although highly specific, detects only 29%...

Penile colour flow Doppler imaging (PCDI) is a non-invasive, accurate and cost-effective technique. It has better patient acceptance as compared to cavernosometry and cavernosography,...

Percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) is a well-established technique in the armamentarium of an interventional radiologist when dealing with urinary obstruction. It provides temporary relief in...

Over the last 70 years, transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) has been used in the surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and is...

Urodynamics or pressure flow studies (PFS) are defined as a functional assessment of the lower urinary tract (LUT) to provide a pathophysiological basis for...

The presence of more than 2 testicles is called polyorchidism. It is a rare anomaly. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click...

Leiomyomas of the urinary tract are exceedingly rare. They can, however, arise from almost any site within the genito-urinary tract, most commonly in the...

The introduction of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) by Chaussy and his co-workers in 1980 revolutionised the management of urinary calculi. Since then, ESWL has...

Priapism is a pathological state of prolonged, generally painful erection, unassociated with sexual desire and not ending in ejaculation. Rare before the 1980s, this...

A 2.5-year-old boy was referred to our clinic for abnormal genitalia and a febrile urinary tract infection (Escherichia coli >105 colony-forming units/mL). At birth,...

A 60-year-old previously healthy man with unremarkable medical history presented with a complaint of intractable flank pain for one day. The laboratory test results...

Cancer data can be abstracted manually by cancer registrars or extracted automatically from the electronic medical systems. There may appear to be nothing in...

Fournier’s gangrene is a surgical emergency. Treatment consists of fluid resuscitation, intravenous broad spectrum antibiotics and immediate surgical consultation with a view for early...

Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), one of the most common diseases of ageing men, affects the quality of life by interfering with normal daily activities...

Overactive bladder (OAB) is characterised by feelings of urgency to urinate, with or without incontinence and is usually accompanied by frequency and nocturia. These...

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a systemic disorder that presents acutely with multiple organ failure. Although defined classically as a syndrome with a pentad...

Prostate cancer is now the third most common cancer among Singapore males, with a world age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR) of 23.9 per 100,000 from...

Obstructive calculous disease of the kidney often results in infectious complications such as pyelonephritis and perinephric abscesses. Renojejunal fistula formation may occur as the...

Despite the introduction of more potent and uroselective antimuscarinic agents, many patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity still suffer from refractory incontinence. Intradetrusor botulinum toxin...

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the commonest diseases of ageing men. It can be associated with bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)...

As infrastructure and policies were being put in place to combat COVID-19, we recognised that specialty-specific policies and protocols had to be drawn up...