The presence of multiple autoantibodies is the hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Many of these autoantibodies target nuclear antigens e.g. histones, Sm, RNP, SSA, SSB and dsDNA may give rise to a positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) test. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download...

Exercise intolerance is a hallmark of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although exertional symptoms may be mild at the outset, exercise limitation is the most disabling and distressing consequence of COPD for the majority of patients. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on...

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is characterised by abnormal vascular development of retina in premature infants.1 Recent advances in neonatal care have improved the survival rates for premature infants,2 and this has been accompanied by an increase in the incidence of ROP.3-5 ROP is a leading cause of childhood blindness6,7...