ABSTRACT
Introduction: For many years, ophthalmologists have looked at the optic nerve head to evaluate the status of glaucoma. Clinical examination of the optic nerve head and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) is however, subjective and sometimes variable. Recent developments in computer-based imaging technologies have provided a means of obtaining quantitative measurements of the optic nerve head topography and peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness. Methods: Multiple searches using Medline were carried out. Additional searches were made using reference lists of published papers and book chapters. Results: Studies involving three imaging technologies namely, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, scanning laser polarimetry and optical coherence tomography were reviewed. Overall, these technologies were reproducible and demonstrate good sensitivity and specificity in the range of 70 to 80%. Inclusion of age and ethnicity normative database will make these technologies more effective in screening and diagnosis. Quantitative measurements provide useful parameters for monitoring of patients. Conclusion: There is no consensus on the best technology for assessing structural damage in glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Therefore, as with any investigation, the clinician should exercise clinical correlation and judgment before instituting the appropriate treatment.
Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy with characteristic optic nerve damage and visual field loss. With the introduction of the ophthalmoscope by Helmholtz in 1851, ophthalmologists were able to visualise changes of optic nerve head associated with glaucoma. Von Graefe described glaucomatous optic nerve damage as “amaurosis with excavation of the optic nerve”. Later works improved our understanding that glaucoma is a disease of the optic nerve and is associated with nerve fiber loss.
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