Breastfeeding is an unequalled way of providing ideal food for the healthy growth and development of infants. It is also an integral part of the reproductive process with important implications for the health of mothers. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top...

Tobacco is the leading cause of preventable death and is the fourth most common risk factor for disease. Nearly 6 million deaths occur worldwide every year, which equates to one death every 6 seconds or one in 10 adult deaths. Cigarette smoke contains over 7000 chemicals and compounds, of...

As a primary dialysis access, autologous, arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) is recommended in Europe and in North America. In patients who lack a suitable autologous subcutaneous venous circulation for AVF creation, an arteriovenous graft (AVG) is inserted between arterial and venous bed and serves as a cannulation segment. There are...

In the planning of a tuberculosis prevalence survey in Singapore in 1975, it was decided to include a urine examination of the respondents using Labstix (Ames Company, Elkhart, Indiana, USA). Respondents found to have proteinuria, haematuria or both in the examination centres were then referred to the Department of...

Cold therapy has been used for thousands of years by the ancient Egyptians and later Hippocrates. The beginning of cryosurgery in modern medicine was originally proposed by an English physician, James Arnott between 1819 and 1879 who described the use of extreme cold to cause tissue destruction. Arnott combined...