Since time immemorial, generations of medical students and physicians have always been taught that a thorough and detailed history and examination is the foundation of the practice of good clinical medicine. This is particularly so in Neurology, in which the detection of an absent reflex or of focal weakness...

Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are used more and more in departmental examinations or as comprehensive examinations at the end of an academic session. They may be used to determine progress or to make decisions regarding the certification of a candidate. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on...

Cataract is one of the most common causes of visual impairment in the elderly and its surgery is the most common major ophthalmic surgery, with over 8 million performed globally every year. The majority of cataract surgeries are performed under regional (retrobulbar, peribulbar or sub-Tenon’s) or topical anaesthesia. This article...

Acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a condition of unknown origin characterised by a serous detachment of the macula. It afflicts young healthy adults, mostly men, between the ages of 20 and 50 years. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to...

The surface of the eye is covered by 3 distinct forms of non-keratinising stratified squamous epithelium – transparent corneal epithelium overlying the corneal surface, conjunctival epithelium covering the sclera, and a junctional intervening zone of limbal epithelium overlying the limbal region which lies between the corneal and sclera. To...