Structured abstracts are those that describe a study using specified content headings. In structured abstracts essential information is concisely reported using content headings (e.g. hypothesis or objective, study design, setting, participants, intervention, results, conclusions). This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to...

Parainfluenza viruses are relatively large RNA paramyxoviruses. Four serologic types cause disease in humans. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease state characterised by the presence of airflow limitation that is generally progressive, partially reversible and caused by either intrinsic airway disease (bronchitis) or parenchymal destruction (emphysema). COPD is a leading cause of death and a major medical and economic problem. This article...

Long-term central venous access is an important part of modern medical practice, especially in the haematology and oncology units. Central venous (CV) catheters are used for the administration of anti-neoplastic agents, immunosuppressive drugs, antibiotics, blood components, hyperalimentation, for frequent blood sampling, and for acute and temporary haemodialysis prior to...

It is known that exposure of animals and humans to heavy metals such as lead can result in neurological dysfunction. Pharmacodynamic effects of lead (Pb++) on tension of smooth muscles, interaction with catecholaminergic function and neuromuscular transmission have been described. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click...