ABSTRACT
Introduction: Radiologists may encounter bilaterally symmetrical abnormalities of the basal ganglia on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), typically in the context of diffuse systemic, toxic or metabolic diseases. A systematic approach and broad knowledge of pathology causing this uncommon group of conditions would be useful. Materials and Methods: This review uses illustrative images to highlight metabolic conditions, such as Leigh’s syndrome, citrullinaemia, hypoglycaemia or carbon monoxide poisoning, as well as other causes of bilateral basal ganglia lesions such as osmotic myelinolysis, deep cerebral venous thrombosis and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Results: Careful assessment of radiological findings outside the basal ganglia, such as involvement of the cortex, white matter, thalamus and pons, together with clinical correlation, may be helpful in narrowing the differential diagnosis, and directing further radiological, biochemical or genetic investigations. Recent advances in MR technology have resulted in newer techniques including diffusion-weighted (DW) MR imaging and MR spectroscopy (MRS); these may be helpful if appropriately used. Conclusions: Abnormal MRI findings in the basal ganglia should not be interpreted in isolation. A systematic approach including DW MR imaging, MRS, and a broad knowledge of diffuse systemic, toxic or metabolic diseases is helpful
The deep grey matter structures of the basal ganglia comprise the caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus. They form the key components of the extrapyramidal motor system, and receive projections from almost every region of the cerebral cortex, playing a vital role in integrating movement.1-3 The basal ganglia have high energy [adenosine triphosphate (ATP) produced by oxidative phosphorylation within the mitochondria] requirements, increased blood flow and are rich in neurotransmitters and trace metals such as iron, copper and manganese. Hence, they are vulnerable to any systemic disease or generalised process that alters cerebral metabolism, which can lead to selective damage to the basal ganglia. However, damage to the deep grey matter nuclei may be visualised either as basal ganglia lesions in isolation or as part of more generalised brain damage also involving other grey or white matter structures.2
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