Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystemic autoimmune disease characterised epidemiologically by the preponderance of women, and pathologically by the loss of immunological tolerance to self-nuclear antigens and aberrant B- and T-cell responses. Similar to that of other regions around Southeast Asia, the prevalence of SLE in Singapore is 40/100,000. Amongst various organ involvement, neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE) is one of the most devastating presentations of the condition. NPSLE is likely the result of the interplay amongst the immunopathological actions of autoantibodies, intrathecal inflammatory mediators and cerebral microvasculopathy. The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Ad Hoc Committee devised case definitions for 19 neuropsychiatric syndromes in SLE which comprise central and peripheral neurological, and psychiatric syndromes such as anxiety, depression and cognitive dysfunction. Irreversible organ damage, which potentially occurs when lupus-induced damage persists for more than 6 months, does not spare the neuropsychiatric system. Indeed, damage to the neuropsychiatric system has been dragging down the 5-year and 10-year survival rates of lupus patients over the past 50 years, in addition to the substantial socioeconomic burden it entails for those who survive.
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