The retina provides a “window” to examine both neurological and vascular manifestations of systemic diseases. A common eye disease is glaucoma, a progressive optic neuropathy characterised by gradual degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to view the full article.

Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months is a recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO), for its benefits in reducing gastrointestinal tract infections and atopic outcomes in infants. In line with this recommendation, the WHO has advocated the use of new growth curves based on anthropometric data pooled from approximately...

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a common disorder, estimated to affect up to 15-30% of the Singaporean population. It is characterised by recurrent collapse of the upper airways during sleep, resulting in transient airflow cessation, intermittent nocturnal hypoxaemia and sleep fragmentation, factors linked to increased day time sleepiness. This article...

Scleroderma renal crisis (SRC) is an uncommon complication of systemic sclerosis that presents with malignant hypertension and oliguric renal failure. However, 10% of SRC cases are normotensive, associated with prior use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I), calcium channel blockers and in patients with myocardial involvement. This article is available...

Atherosclerosis is a pathological process that leads to blockage of the coronary artery and causes systemic vascular insufficiency. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is identified as a potential cause of insufficiency in optic nerve head (ONH) perfusion. This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on “Download PDF” on top to...